Biochar-Enhanced Filtration Media For Multi-Pollutant Industrial Runoff

Abstract

Industrial stormwater runoff represents a complex environmental challenge due to the simultaneous presence of heavy metals, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and excess nutrients. Conventional stormwater treatment systems are often designed to target single contaminant classes, limiting their effectiveness under mixed-pollutant conditions. This article examines the emerging role of engineered biochar as a multifunctional filtration medium capable of addressing diverse pollutant groups within industrial runoff. By tailoring feedstock selection, surface chemistry, and activation methods, biochar demonstrates high adsorption capacity for metals, strong affinity for PFAS compounds, and significant nutrient retention potential. The mechanisms governing these interactions, system design considerations, and performance implications for industrial stormwater management are critically evaluated. The findings highlight biochar-enhanced filtration systems as a scalable and sustainable solution for improving runoff quality and regulatory compliance in industrial environments.